Two-Dimensional Ultrasonographic Nomograms of the Fetal Cerebellar Area in aCohort of 150 Normal Singleton Pregnancies: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study
Objective: The study aims to set reference ranges for the cerebellar area, across gestation. The fetal cerebellar area is measured in 150 low‑risk pregnancies. The fetal cerebellar area is measured with 2D ultrasonography (2D‑US). Methods: This a prospective cross-sectional study was carried out at specialized gynecology and obstetric center in south of Iraq . We enrolled one hundred fifty women who had a single baby and who had accurate pregnancy dates. Healthy pregnant women were, between 18 and 38 weeks of gestation. We manually tracing ,the outline of cerebellar area in the transverse view of the cerebellum. We performed regression analysis to model the relation between the measured cerebellar area and gestational age (GA). We built reference tables. Results : Women mean age in this study, was 28.7 plus or minus 4.5 years. The mean gestational age at the scan was 27.8 plus or minus 5.1 weeks. We found that the fetal cerebellar area had a linear correlation, with the advancing gestational age. We recorded the correlation coefficient as r = 0.95 and the p value as than 0.001. I derived the regression equation for the area: Cerebellar Area (cm²) = -2.481. 0.257 × GA[weeks]). We created nomograms that show the 95th percentiles, for each gestational week from 18 to 38 weeks. We did not find a correlation between the area and the maternal Body Mass Index (BMI). The correlation was (r = 0.08 p = 0.32 The study provides 2D‑US nomograms, for the cerebellar area from a cohort of 150 patients. The 2D‑US nomograms are a simple tool. The 2D‑US nomograms serve as a tool in prenatal screening, for posterior fossa anomalies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Firas Abdullah AlBaghdadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Integrated Ultrasound Assessment of the 'Placenta-Brain Unit': Correlating Uteroplacental Doppler with Fetal Neurosonography Findings in Diabetic Pregnancies
Objective:To investigate the relationship between utero-placental Doppler indices and detailed fetal neurosonographic findings in pregnancies complicated by pre-gestational and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted on 150 diabetic pregnancies (75 pre- gestational, 75 GDM) and 75 matched healthy controls between 28-32 weeks of gestation. All participants underwent pulsed-wave Doppler assessment of the uterine arteries (UtA) to determine the pulsatility index (PI) and the presence of an early diastolic notch. Subsequently, a dedicated fetal neurosonography was performed to measure the transcerebellar diameter (TCD), Sylvian fissure depth, and lateral ventricle width, and to assess the development of the corpus callosum and cortical sulcation. Results: The diabetic cohort, particularly the pre- gestational subgroup, demonstrated significantly higher mean UtA-PI values and a higher prevalence of bilateral notching compared to controls (p < 0.01). Neurosonography revealed significant alterations in the diabetic groups, including a larger transcerebellar diameter (p < 0.05), abnormal Sylvian fissure maturation, and delayed opercularization compared to the control group (p < 0.01). A significant inverse correlation was observed between UtA-PI and transcerebellar diameter (r = -0.45, p < 0.001), and a positive correlation with Sylvian fissure depth (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) in the pre-gestational diabetes group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant correlation between impaired utero-placental hemodynamics and alterations in fetal brain development in diabetic pregnancies, supporting the concept of a "placenta-brain unit". Integrated ultrasound assessment of this unit may serve as an early biomarker for identifying fetuses at risk for neurodevelopmental morbidity, enabling potential early intervention strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riyadh Adel Jaed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Molecular and Clinical Perspectives on Cytokine Storms and Seasonal Influenza Infections
Background: Seasonal influenza may cause severe complications in case of cytokine storm, a hyperinflammatory reaction that increases tissue damage and dysfunction of multiple organs. Objective: The research aims were to determine the correlation between seasonal influenza and cytokine storm through clinical and molecular investigations. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out on 120 patients with RT-PCR-confirmed seasonal influenza in December 2023-March 2024. ELISA was used to determine serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN- g, IL-1, and IL-18. Demographics and clinical information, such as ARDS, coagulopathy, acute kidney injury, CNS manifestations, etc., were documented. Statistical significance of p = 0.05 was used to test statistical significance with SPSS v26.0 (t-test, Mann- Whitney, Pearson/Spearman correlation). Results: The patients with cytokine storm (n = XX) had much more serum cytokines than their uncomplicated influenza counterparts (IL-6: 142 ± 35 vs. 18 ± 6 pg/mL, p < 0.001; TNF-α a: 96 ± 22 vs. 15 ± 5 pg/mL, p < 0.001). The incidence of coagulopathy (70% vs. 5%), AKI (40% vs. 5%), and CNS (confusion 45% vs. 10%) was significantly higher. High IL-6 levels were greatly associated with ARDS (r = 0.68, p < 0.01). Conclusion: In seasonal influenza, cytokine storm is related to hyper-release of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN- gamma, IL- 1 8, and IL-1α, which cause dysfunction of multiple organs and increased complications. The timely identification of the signs of cytokine storm would enhance the outcome of patients and inform the use of specific immunomodulatory treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wurood Kadhim Abed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Review on Photocatalysts for Water Pollutant Removal
Photocatalytic water filtration technology has been developed as an effective and sustainable method for removing a variety of water contaminants, including organic pollutants, heavy metals, and emerging compounds. Recent research has focused on improving the effectiveness of photocatalysts, particularly through the development of doped forms of titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and nanocomposites, with the aim of enhancing light absorption, particularly in the visible spectrum. Furthermore, advances in photocatalytic reactor designs and hybrid systems that combine photocatalysis with conventional methods, such as adsorption and biological treatment, have significantly improved the efficiency of pollutant degradation.Despite these advances, the transition from laboratory-scale to industrial applications still faces several challenges, due to factors such as catalyst stability, light penetration efficiency, and economic feasibility. This study highlights current advances in photocatalyst development, reactor design, and hybrid treatment systems, while discussing key challenges and future research paths toward expanded water treatment applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hiba R. Kazem, Hadeer Mohammed Subhi, Zaynab faleh Al-janahi, Hazim Y. Al- gubury (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
An integrated view of bacterial resistance in the antibiotic era: efflux pumps biofilms and plasmids
Antibiotic resistance is a widespread problem that reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics, leading the rise of multidrug resistance (MDR). Efflux pump, biofilm formation and plasmid based gene transfer together form the basis of co-adaptive mechanisms providing fleeting tolerance resistant overtime. Genes encoding efflux systems are alternative efflux-pumping systems that remove some antimicrobial agents, so that over extremely low intracellular concentrations are required for the bacterium to survive in the biofilm matrix.These, in turn, contribute to the structural and functional coherence of biofilms, which serve as protected niches favoring horizontal gene transfer and the propagation of plasmid-mediated resistance genes. In this review, we combine recent data from molecular and omics-based studies to demonstrate how these systems are co-regulated to control resistance in bacteria, with an emphasis on cross-talk between regulatory pathways including quorum-sensing, stress-response signalling and global transcriptional regulators. Insights into this interplay can pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies, such as efflux pump inhibitors, biofilm dispersal agents and plasmid-curing strategies. Comprehensive knowledge of these interrelated processes may influence the development of future antimicrobial agents and their use, and may reduce the emergence of pan-resistant species of bacterial pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Isolation and Characterization of a High-Efficiency Bioflocculant-Producing Strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens
This study aimed to thoroughly explore, optimize, and characterize a Bioflocculant produced by a novel Pseudomonas fluorescens PF-1 strain isolated from active sewage sludge. When examined under refined culture conditions, including an incubation temperature of 36°C, a neutral pH of 7, and the use of sucrose and yeast extract as the most effective carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, this strain exhibited promising flocculating capabilities. An inoculum volume of 5% (v/v) further amplified Bioflocculant manufacturing. Under these conditions, the strain demonstrated remarkably high flocculating activity, reaching 87.4%. Biochemical composition analysis revealed that the extracted Bioflocculant principally comprised carbohydrates at 76.3% and proteins at 17.2%, indicating a polysaccharide-protein complex nature. FTIR spectroscopy supported the existence of functional groups, including carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amide, crucial for flocculation mechanisms. SEM imaging depicted a dense, interwoven fibril matrix perfectly suited for trapping and aggregating suspended particles. The Bioflocculant also manifested high thermal resilience up to 80°C and retained activity across a wide pH range from 4 to 8. Wastewater treatment tests employing genuine effluents showed outstanding pollutant removal proficiencies, with reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) achieving an impressive 90.2% and 88.6% respectively. These conclusions demonstrate strong potential as a Bioflocculant created by P. fluorescens PF-1 as an eco-friendly and highly effective replacement for conventional chemical flocculants in wastewater treatment applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Worood Younis Azawi, Imad Ahmed Rashid, Ezz El-Din Thabet Mahdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Emerging Efflux Pump-Mediated Cefiderocol Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates from Nasiriyah, Iraq A Molecular and Phenotypic Study
Background: The thalassemia syndromes are a group of inherent hemolyticanemias characterized by the decrease or absence of the synthesis of one or more globin chains of hemoglobin. Elevated levels of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and ferritin, along with oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase activity, have been linked to thalassemia disease progression and prognosis. Aim: This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum levels of NLRP3, ferritin, MDA, and catalase activity in beta-thalassemia patients compared to healthy controls, providing insights into potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Materials and Methods: (75) patients with beta-thalassemia major aged 6-18 years who were selected at the Al- Zahra Teaching Hospital/ALNAJAF AL ASHRAF CITY along with (45) normal people of the same age without any history of hematological diseases, chronic diseases, acute illness, or infection. Patients who met the selection criteria were included in the study. All subjects were enrolled in this study between November 2024 and January 2025; Serum levels of NLRP3, ferritin, MDA, and Catalase were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and spectrophotometric methods. For data collection and statistical analysis, Microsoft Office Excel 2013 and GraphPad Prism 9.2.0 were utilized. Results: The study found elevated levels of NLRP3 in thalassemia patients (7.006 ± 1.014) compared to the healthy group (1.35 ± 0.2868), with a P value of 0.0003. Ferritin levels were also higher in patients (1576 ± 85.09 ng/ml) compared to the healthy group (73.1 ± 13.67 ng/ml), with a P value of <0.0001. MDA levels increased in patients (0.157 ± 0.01964) compared to the healthy group (0.06813 ± 0.0149), with a highly significant P value of 0.0007. In contrast, catalase activity was significantly lower in the patient group (0.5321 ± 0.07339) than in the healthy group (0.8746 ± 0.1104), with a P value of 0.0129. These findings suggest that an increase in NLRP3, ferritin, and MDA levels and a decrease in catalase activity are associated with an increased risk of thalassemia disease. Conclusion: Elevated NLRP3, ferritin, and MDA levels, alongside reduced catalase activity, are associated with thalassemia disease progression. These biomarkers could serve as valuable tools for early detection and monitoring therapeutic responses in thalassemia patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bushra Hamad Obaid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis (ISH): A Comprehensive Review of Its Genetic Basis, Clinical Spectrum, and Therapeutic Challenges
Background: Infantile Systemic Hyalinosis (ISH) is a very rare and severe autosomal recessive disease, in which amorphous hyalineaceous material is deposited extensively in different tissues and presents a multisystemic clinical manifestation. This debilitating disease, based on a biallelic mutation of the ANTXR2 gene, is typically characterized by a course of infancy and progressive joint contractures, painful papules and macules on the skin, gingival hypertrophy, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and failure to thrive. Despite such melodies' effects on people who are affected and it is a poorly-known disease that has few known therapeutic options. This systematic literature review seeks to summarize the knowledge on ISH, including acrylic-based knowledge, genetic foundation, molecular pathophysiology, etc., various clinical expressions, diagnostic and treatment implementations. The study will be going to explore the specific characteristics that separate ISH and its allele Juvenile Hyaline Fibromatosis (JHF), which is a counterpart and speaks of the problems in diagnosis and early intervention, which is vital, through pooling together information based on the case reports and literature reviews in the short term.ISH is a strong reminder of how complicated rare things can be genetic disorders. Increased sensitization among health professionals, as well as Speedy and precise diagnosis, plays the utmost role in maximizing supportive care, enhancing the lives of the affected infants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maha Mashrq AlBayati, Wurood Kadhim Abed, Thualfakar Hayder Hasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Study The Sensitivity of Bacteria Isolated From Sputum of Different Antibiotics Using Kirby-Bauer Method
Background: Respiratory tract infections caused by bacterial infections are among the most common health problems, exacerbated by antibiotic resistance. The aim of the study is to isolate and identify pathogenesis bacteria that responsible to respiratory system diseases from 35 samples of sputum and determine bacterial sensitivity to various antibiotics. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Almuthanna Governorate-Iraq on 35 patients (26:35 male and 9:35 female) age ranged from 15 - 50 years old, the bacteria were diagnosed by physical examination, bacterial dyes and AIP examination in order to reach a final result for the diagnosed bacterial race. Antibiotics sensitivity testing was performed to determine the bacterial sensitivity using 30 different antibiotics by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Result: The study showed that there are four different species of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumonia (3:35), Mycoplasma Pneumoniae (8:35), Escherichia colli (1:35), staphylococcus aureus (23:35). As for examining of bacterial sensitivity of the isolated bacteria used in this study, showed different sensitivity to each antibiotic, Strept. pneumonia showed sensitivity to (16:30) of antibiotics and the beast effect of antibiotics is Amikacin it was 100%. M. Pneumoniae showed sensitivity to (7:30) of antibiotics and the beast effect of antibiotics is Doxycycline it was 100%. E. colli showed sensitivity to (3:30) of antibiotics and the beast effect of antibiotics are Amikacin, Imipenem and Meropenem it was 100%. S. aureus showed sensitivity to (19:30) of antibiotics and the beast effect of antibiotics is Nitrofurantionit was 100%. The results of this study can be used by assist clinicians to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics and prescribe the appropriate antibiotic for treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by bacterial infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yousif Alhamadani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Effects of Hypoxia on Cardiomyocyte Metabolism: An In Vitro and In Vivo Comparative Study
Hypoxia significantly alters cardiomyocyte metabolism, contributing to myocardial injury during ischemic events. In this study, cardiomyocytes cultured under hypoxic conditions were compared to cardiac tissues from rats subjected to experimental myocardial infarction. Both models demonstrated a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis, upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), and increased lactate production. The in vivo model also revealed structural changes and fibrosis. Understanding these metabolic adaptations is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving cardiac function during ischemia and reperfusion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaman S. Hamza, Ruqaya Munther Jalil Ewadh, Raad Habeeb Al-Asadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Knockout of Apoptotic Genes in Human Stem Cells: A Functional Study
Gene editing technologies such as have opened new avenues for studying the role of specific genes in cell survival and differentiation. In this study, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 to knock out the pro-apoptotic genes BAX and CASP3 in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The edited cells were evaluated for viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity using flow cytometry, qPCR, and lineage-specific markers. Results demonstrated enhanced cell survival under stress conditions and altered differentiation patterns favoring mesodermal lineage. These findings suggest that modulating apoptotic pathways in stem cells can significantly impact regenerative medicine strategies and improve cell-based therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaman S. Hamza, Tiba Al Temimi, Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah, Kadum A. AlShareffi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CRISPR-Cas9–Knockout of PD-L1 Gene in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a challenging malignancy due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 to knockout PD-L1 in TNBC cell lines and evaluated changes in immune recognition and T cell activation. PD-L1 ablation resulted in increased expression of antigen-presenting machinery and enhanced sensitivity to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Our findings suggest that CRISPR-mediated PD-L1 disruption could potentiate immunotherapy efficacy in TNBC.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashwaq MS Al-Jbouri, Asmaa Sami Jawad, Zainab Adil Ghani Chabuck, Saad Mardi Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Development of 3D Bioprinted Vascularized Cardiac Tissues Using Patient-Derived Stem Cells: A Preclinical Study
Regenerative therapies for myocardial infarction require viable vascularized cardiac tissues. We report the development of 3D bioprinted cardiac patches using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells. Bioprinted tissues exhibited spontaneous contraction, vascular network formation, and appropriate electromechanical coupling. In a rat myocardial infarction model, transplanted patches improved cardiac function and reduced scar size significantly. This work paves the way for personalized cardiac regenerative therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed R. Abd Ali, Mohammed Malih Radhi, Hussein Assak Al-Hachami, Nada Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Rusull Hamza K. AL-Jubori, Wamidh H. Talib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Women's Awareness and Knowledge of Breast Self-Examination: A Study at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching Hospital in Karbala City
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide. The objective of this study is to explore the socio-demographic profiles of women attending the hospital and evaluate their understanding and awareness of breast self- examination practices. Methodology: A descriptive study design was employed at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching Hospital in Karbala City. The study aimed to assess Women's Awareness and Knowledge toward breast self- examination from 1st February 2024 to 1st February 2025. The study included a convenient sample of 100 women from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching Hospital in Karbala City, specifically from the outpatient department. Result: The age distribution showed that most participants were between 20 and 26 years old, while fewer were in the older age categories. However, no significant association was found between age and breast cancer knowledge (p = 0.120). Regarding the age of first menarche, the majority of women experienced it at age 12 and again, no significant relationship was found with knowledge (p = 0.085). A highly significant correlation was observed between education level and knowledge (p = 0.001), with women holding higher education (39.0% with college and higher education) demonstrating better knowledge about breast cancer. Marital status also showed a significant association (p = 0.005), with single women making up the largest group (51.5%). Regarding occupation, a highly significant relationship was found (p = 0.001), with the majority of participants being housewives (40.0%), followed by government employees, private sector employees, and unskilled workers. Economic status also played a role, with 53.5% of women stating their economic situation was sufficient to some extent, and this factor had a significant impact on their knowledge (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, education, marital status, occupation, economic status, menstrual history, and family history of breast cancer were key factors influencing women's knowledge in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismael Mohammed Alsaadi, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Huda Mohammed Reda, Sarmad Salih Jawad, Noor Fadhil Al Maamouri, Rehab Flieh Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Toxicity at the Cellular, Molecular and General Health Levels
Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that pose significant health hazards. These metals disrupt normal cellular processes by inducing oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. On the molecular level, they interfere with enzymatic functions, disrupt calcium homeostasis, and trigger apoptosis or necrosis. Chronic exposure is linked to carcinogenesis, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and endocrine dysfunctions. This review examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying heavy metal toxicity, highlighting recent findings on oxidative stress pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory responses. It also discusses current strategies for detoxification and the role of chelation therapy. Better understanding these mechanisms is vital for developing preventive measures and therapeutic interventions to mitigate toxic effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ameera Jasim Al-Aaraji Oudah, Ruwaida Wahab Salman AL-Jebory, Ahmed Hasan R. Al.Zurfi, Haider Mahmod Jasim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Synthesis of Thiazolidine Derivatives from Schiff bases and study their as Antibacterial Effect
This research includes the synthesis of some new heterocyclic derivatives (pyridine derivatives), firstly reaction of (2-amino-5-chloropyridine, 2-amino-4- methyl pyridine) With aromatics benzaldehydes (p-bromobenzaldehyde, dimethyl amino benzaldehyde , p-chlorobenzaldehyde, Salicylic aldehyde, p- amino benzaldehyde) to form different derivatives of schiff bases, secondly reaction of Schiff base derivatives with thioglycolic acid to form thiazolidinone derivatives, all resulting compounds characterized by FT-IR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Abdulhassan Alsaady, Nahid Sabah aldin Saber, Anfal Abdulhassan Alsaady (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Epidemiological Study of Asthma Prevalence and Management among Primary School Students in Al-Hilla City, Iraq
Background: Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory disease that significantly impacts children's health, school attendance, and academic performance. This study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and management of asthma among primary school students in Al-Hilla City, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 300 students from five non randomly selected primary schools in Al-Hilla city, during the academic year 2024-2025. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher. Data were analyzed by SPSS, version 25, software. A P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The findings revealed an overall asthma prevalence of 12%, with higher rates in urban areas (15%) compared to suburban areas (9%). Key risk factors included environmental pollution (55%), dust storms (47%), indoor pollutants (37%), a family history of asthma (40%), and low socioeconomic status (50%). Asthma significantly affected students' health, leading to frequent absenteeism (65%), reduced physical activity (58%), and lower academic performance (45%). Asthma management practices in schools were found to be inadequate, with inconsistent medication use (40%) and limited access to peak flow meters (15%). Conclusion & Recommendation: The study concluded that asthma is a common health problem among students, affecting 12% of the participants, with a significantly higher incidence in urban areas compared to suburban areas. Environmental, social, and economic factors—particularly pollution, dust storms, indoor pollutants, family history, and low income—play a significant role in increasing the risk of asthma. The study highlights the need for improved asthma management protocols in schools, better environmental policies to reduce pollution, and enhanced education for both students and school staff on asthma care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismael Mohammed Alsaadi , Ahmed Mohammed Jasim Shlash, Noor Fadhil AL- Maamouri, Fatima Kamil Salman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Identification and Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Strains in Hospital Wastewater
Hospital wastewater systems are recognized as reservoirs for the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study isolated bacterial strains from hospital effluents and assessed their resistance profiles using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Molecular characterization via PCR and sequencing identified genes associated with resistance, including blaCTX-M, mecA, and vanA. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains such as MRSA and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was observed. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved wastewater treatment processes and strict antimicrobial stewardship to prevent environmental and public health risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yasmeen Ali Hussein, Widad Abd AL Jabbar, Hayder Al-Aubaidy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment landscape for various malignancies by enhancing the body's natural immune response against tumor cells. Targeting molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, these therapies release the brakes on T-cell activation and proliferation. Despite impressive clinical outcomes in melanoma, lung cancer, and renal carcinoma, a significant proportion of patients exhibit primary or acquired resistance. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms of checkpoint blockade, discusses biomarkers predictive of response, and explores resistance pathways including immunoediting, tumor microenvironment immunosuppression, and upregulation of alternative checkpoints. Novel strategies to overcome resistance, such as combination therapies and personalized immunotherapeutics, are critically analyzed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah, Wallaa Luay Alfalluji, Ahmed M N Al-Ajrash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Recent Progress in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment
Traditional cancer therapies are often limited by nonspecific distribution, leading to systemic toxicity and poor therapeutic outcomes. Targeted drug delivery systems aim to overcome these limitations by directing therapeutic agents specifically to tumor tissues, minimizing off-target effects. Recent advances have introduced sophisticated platforms, including nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). This review explores the design principles of these delivery systems, their mechanisms of targeting (passive via the enhanced permeability and retention effect and active via ligand-receptor interactions), and their clinical applications. Challenges such as drug resistance, immunogenicity, and tumor heterogeneity are also discussed. Future directions include stimuli-responsive systems, personalized nanomedicine, and combination therapies integrating immunotherapy and targeted delivery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah, Noor Thamer Mahmood, Dhelal Fouad Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Histopathological and Molecular Characterization of Liver Fibrosis Induced by Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis B and C infections remain major causes of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis worldwide. This study aims to correlate histopathological features with molecular markers of fibrogenesis in liver biopsy samples from infected patients. Sirius Red staining quantified fibrosis, while RT- qPCR assessed the expression of TGF-β1, COL1A1, and α-SMA. Our findings reveal that increased expression of fibrogenic genes correlates with fibrosis stage and clinical outcomes. These data provide valuable insights for the identification of molecular targets for antifibrotic therapy and highlight the importance of early intervention in chronic viral hepatitis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sadiq Salam H. Al-Salih, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Fadhilah N. Alobaidan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Impacts of Drug Abuse and Addiction and Effects of Pharmaceuticals Misuse: Review Article
This paper presents a historical overview of drug addiction since it follows its beginnings that stretch to 7000 years B.C, it also identifies different concepts related to drugs, including intoxicants, hashish, medicines, painkillers, volatile solvents, light addictive stimulants, and abused pharmaceuticals. In addition, this paper tackles the impacts of drug use, clarifies the relation between drugs, painkillers, and addiction, outlines the differences between drug users and addicts, and discusses the factors contributing to addiction. The paper takes a deep dive into drug addiction theories like the physiological theory, abuse prevention theory, commitment to tradition and social bonding, risk, and protective factors theory, and intrapersonal theory, and specifies the general effects and disorders associated with addictive substances, alcohol, and ethanol addicts' behavior and addiction disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hiba Hussein Fadil Mahdi, Ghassan Jasim Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Analysis of the Relationship between NLRP3, Ferritin, MDA, and Catalase Enzyme in Patients with Beta-Thalassemia Major: A Clinical Study
Background :The thalassemia syndromes are a group of inherent hemolytic anemias characterized by the decrease or absence of the synthesis of one or more globin chains of hemoglobin. Elevated levels of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and ferritin, along with oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase activity, have been linked to thalassemia disease progression and prognosis. Aim :This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum levels of NLRP3, ferritin, MDA, and catalase activity in thalassemia patients compared to healthy controls, providing insights into potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Materials and Methods :Seventy-five patients with beta-thalassemia major aged 6-18 years along with forty-five normal people of the same age without any history of hematological diseases, chronic diseases, acute illness, or infection. Patients who met the selection criteria were included in the study. Serum levels of NLRP3, ferritin, MDA, and catalase were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and spectrophotometric methods. Results: The study found elevated levels of NLRP3 in thalassemia patients (7.006 ± 1.014) compared to the healthy group (1.35 ± 0.2868), with a P value of 0.0003. Ferritin levels were also higher in patients (1576 ± 85.09) (ng/ml) compared to the healthy group (73.1 ± 13.67) (ng/ml), with a P value of <0.0001. MDA levels increased in patients (0.157 ± 0.01964) compared to the healthy group (0.06813 ± 0.0149), with a highly significant P value of 0.0007. In contrast, catalase activity was significantly lower in the patient group (0.5321 ± 0.07339) than in the healthy group (0.8746 ± 0.1104), with a P value of 0.0129. These findings suggest that an increase in NLRP3, ferritin, and MDA levels and a decrease in catalase activity are associated with an increased risk of thalassemia disease. Conclusion: Elevated NLRP3, ferritin, and MDA levels, alongside reduced catalase activity, are associated with thalassemia disease progression. These biomarkers could serve as valuable tools for early detection and monitoring therapeutic responses in thalassemia patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Abd Al-Bari Al-Dhalimi, Zainab N. Al-Abady (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Immunopathology of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Systematic Review of Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has become recognised as a complex and heterogeneous disease characterised by a wide range of immunopatholog- ical and biochemical mechanisms. Several treatment options exist in the field of AIHA however; there is as yet little or no evidence of therapeutic strategies targeted on molecular aspects of the disease. An up-to-date comprehensive sys- tematic review covering immunopathology for emerging areas of experimental therapy of AIHA will help direct future research and optimize clinical deci- sions, by focusing on issues needing improvement. This structured systematic review will focus on the immunopathological molecular mechanisms and the most recent emerging therapeutic strategies for AIHA or emerging therapeu- tic strategies targeted at the molecular mechanisms of the disease. The aim of the review is to collect, critically evaluate, and systematically summarise all available evidence on the immunopathology and experimental therapy of AIHA. For the immunopathology of AIHA, the main issues of interest are: the initiation and development of the disease, the immunological and biological mechanisms of red blood cell destruction, diagnostic markers predicting the response to therapy, the relationship with other autoimmune disorders and aspects of the genetics of AIHA. Experimental therapy will include newly ap- plied or planned treatment protocols and compounds, or medications present- ing disease-modifying and non-conventional mechanisms of action. This review will be oriented toward researchers and clinicians engaged in the management and research of AIHA, and results will be analysed and presented in light of their potential to translate findings into practice. Eligibility for inclusion criteria, salience assessment, and data extraction analysis aims to critically synthesize available data, identify research gaps and assess the quality of ev- idence. Substantial advances in the comprehension of the immunopathology of the disorder or the emergence of new advanced science verified drugs and other compounds in therapy will be explored. Summarised results will point toward research fields most urgently needing further investigation and provide a comprehensive synthesis of evidence helpful for the optimization of clinical decisions and the initiation of innovative therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Maher Ibrahim Al Sayeh, Mohammad Rawashdeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CRISPR-Based Functional Genomics in Antiviral Innate Immune Response
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-based genome-wide functional genomics can be applied to uncover novel genes controlling an antiviral immune response, thereby augmenting antiviral immunity. To date, much progress has been made in understanding the host and viral factors influencing the antiviral immune response since its discovery. However, many of the contributing genetic factors for the an- tiviral response remain uncharacterized. Using antiviral innate immu- nity as a model, this study reports the first genome-wide functional ge- nomic approach using an integrated lentivirus CRISPR-based gene knock- out (GeCKO) screening library to identify critical genetic factors influenc- ing the antiviral immune response. This functional CRISPR-based genomic regime is intended to enhance the understanding of genes and pathways controlling an antiviral immune response and broaden the use of CRISPR methodologies in antiviral research for therapeutic innovations. The scope of this study is to answer critical questions regarding how innate immunity fights off viral infections. Two hypotheses are investigated experimentally that key genetic factors influencing the immune induction of the interferon response remain to be found and perturbation of the interferon response will reveal a network of previously uncharacterized genes and pathways controlling an antiviral immune response. With systemic and comprehen- sive efforts to dissect the host-virus molecular arms race, a more nuanced understanding of the host antiviral response will be acquired, including the discovery of novel genes and pathways involved in antiviral immunity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Magdi A. Ali, Mohamed Zakaria El-Sayed, Wijdan Alomaim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Human Health: A Review of Toxicological Mechanisms and Regulatory Challenges
The present review is to evaluate the current state of knowledge in regard to health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in humans, with a special reference to recently published research. The primary target audi- ence aside from scientists will be policymakers, public health professionals, and health practitioners who need an up-to-date broad understanding of the issue in the form of a concise compilation of peer-reviewed literature. The main goal serves to synthesize recent research findings regarding the most important toxicological mechanisms associated with EDCs and recent advancements in understanding their health effects. A major emphasis is placed on research that has been published in peer-reviewed journals over the past years, with less attention being given to systematic reviews. Infor- mation found in the literature bears a description of current knowledge of the human health effects of EDCs, focusing on recent scientific publications. Greater familiarity with the complexities of EDC exposure routes, mech- anisms, and the large variety of chemicals that have endocrine-disrupting properties is also aimed. By detailing the state of research, it is hoped that the review may help clarify the complexities for regulatory authorities, enabling for more accurate decision-making with regards to management of EDCs. Additionally, this contribution is intended to advance the cur- rent public health and regulatory debate about EDCs, by highlighting the challenges faced in regulation and proposing potential directions for their effective management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mona M. Youssef, Aya M. Helal, Yasser I. Khedr (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Impact of Demographic and Lifestyle Factors on Irritable Bowel Syndrome from Basra
Background Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting quality of life. Despite its prevalence, its pathophysiology remains unclear, necessitating further investigation into contributing factors. Objective The objective of this study is to identify the demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors associated with IBS in a population attending Basra Hospital. This will enhance our understanding of the condition and inform potential management strategies. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in- volving patients diagnosed with IBS at Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital and Al- Fayhaa Teaching Hospital in Basra/Iraq. Participants completed a struc- tured questionnaire assessing demographic information, lifestyle habits (di- etary patterns, smoking, and exercise), and psychological stress. Data were analyzed using statistical analysis performed using Microsoft Office Excel 2013 and GraphPad Prism 9.2.0.software to determine correlations between factors and IBS prevalence. Results Preliminary findings indicate that women are disproportion- ately affected by IBS compared to men, with significant associations ob- served between IBS symptoms and dietary habits, particularly the con- sumption of high-fat and low-fiber foods. Psychological stress was also identified as a critical factor influencing symptom severity. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of demographic and lifestyle factors in understanding IBS. Targeting these elements may lead to improved management strategies and enhanced patient outcomes. Further research is necessary to explore the complex interplay of these factors in the pathophysiology of IBS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa Saad Mansour, Dawood S. Mahdi, Ihsan Edan Alsaimary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
E-cigarettes and Vaping: A New Frontier in Youth Drug Prevention
E-cigarettes and vaping are becoming huge public health problems, particularly among kids, despite their marketing as more secure options to traditional cigarettes. The surge in use amongst adolescents is attributed to attractive flavors, perceived protection, and competitive advertising, mainly to concerns about nicotine addiction and a potential gateway to regular smoking. The rise is connected to demographic elements, with varying usage patterns amongst distinct age, gender, and socioeconomic agencies. Short-term consequences encompass nicotine dependence and cognitive impairments, while long-term dangers include respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Key risk factors include peer strain, publicity of tobacco marketing, and intellectual fitness problems. Effective prevention strategies involve school-primarily based applications, community interventions, legislative measures like age restrictions and taste bans, and comprehensive public fitness campaigns. Future research ought to focus on the long-term health results and the improvement of focused prevention techniques, incorporating stricter policies and tracking of advertising practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah, Ameera Jasim, Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Mohammed Malih Radhi, Qasim Abbas Khyoosh Al-Eqabi, Widad Abd AL-Jabbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CRISPR-Cas9 in Drug Discovery: Revolutionizing Target Identification and Validation
In recent years, advancements in molecular biology have heralded a trans- formative era in drug discovery, with CRISPR-Cas9 emerging as a pivotal tool for enhancing the precision of target identification and validation. Originally derived from bacterial immune systems, this genome-editing technology allows for highly specific alterations in DNA sequences, thereby facilitating the investigation of gene functions associated with health and disease. Its capability for genome-wide screening has enabled researchers to systematically identify potential therapeutic targets, streamlining the drug development process. Furthermore, the application of CRISPR-Cas9 extends beyond mere identification—such interventions have proven in- valuable in preclinical models, where they serve to validate the therapeutic relevance of identified targets. This innovative approach not only acceler- ates the drug discovery timeline but also offers novel insights into complex biological systems, positioning CRISPR-Cas9 as a cornerstone technology in the quest for effective therapies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adil Abdelrahim Mohammed Yousif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Investigation the Role of Lactate Dehydrogenase, Caspase and the Oxidative Stress Levels in Breast Cancer Patients
Background Breast cancer (BC) is a significant public health issue, characterized by its heterogeneity in clinical presentation, biological be- havior, and response to therapy. Elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and caspase-3, along with oxidative stress markers such as malon- dialdehyde (MDA) and catalase activity, have been linked to breast cancer progression and prognosis. Aim This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum levels of LDH, caspase-3, MDA, and catalase activity in breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls, providing insights into potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Materials and Methods A total of 120 participants, including breast cancer patients and healthy controls, were recruited. Blood samples were collected, and serum levels of LDH, caspase-3, MDA, and catalase activ- ity were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and spectrophotometric methods. Data were statistically analyzed using un- paired t-tests and chi-square analysis, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results Breast cancer patients exhibited significantly higher serum lev- els of LDH, caspase-3, and MDA (p < 0.0001) compared to healthy con- trols. In contrast, catalase activity was significantly lower in the patient group (p < 0.0001). These findings highlight the potential role of these biomarkers in breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Conclusion Elevated LDH, caspase-3, and MDA levels, alongside re- duced catalase activity, are associated with breast cancer. These biomark- ers could serve as valuable tools for early detection and monitoring thera- peutic responses in breast cancer patients.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shams Firas Adnan, Zainab N. Al-Abady (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/