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Abstract
Background: Respiratory tract infections caused by bacterial infections are among the most common health problems, exacerbated by antibiotic resistance. The aim of the study is to isolate and identify pathogenesis bacteria that responsible to respiratory system diseases from 35 samples of sputum and determine bacterial sensitivity to various antibiotics.
Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Almuthanna Governorate-Iraq on 35 patients (26:35 male and 9:35 female) age ranged from 15 - 50 years old, the bacteria were diagnosed by physical examination, bacterial dyes and AIP examination in order to reach a final result for the diagnosed bacterial race. Antibiotics sensitivity testing was performed to determine the bacterial sensitivity using 30 different antibiotics by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
Result: The study showed that there are four different species of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumonia (3:35), Mycoplasma Pneumoniae (8:35), Escherichia colli (1:35), staphylococcus aureus (23:35). As for examining of bacterial sensitivity of the isolated bacteria used in this study, showed different sensitivity to each antibiotic, Strept. pneumonia showed sensitivity to (16:30) of antibiotics and the beast effect of antibiotics is Amikacin it was 100%. M. Pneumoniae showed sensitivity to (7:30) of antibiotics and the beast effect of antibiotics is Doxycycline it was 100%. E. colli showed sensitivity to (3:30) of antibiotics and the beast effect of antibiotics are Amikacin, Imipenem and Meropenem it was 100%. S. aureus showed sensitivity to (19:30) of antibiotics and the beast effect of antibiotics is Nitrofurantionit was 100%. The results of this study can be used by assist clinicians to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics and prescribe the appropriate antibiotic for treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by bacterial infections.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Yousif Alhamadani (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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References
- Ahmed, T., Islam, T., Sultana Soha, R., & Akter, E. (2021). Correlation of the Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Sputum Samples with Age, Sex, Seasonal Variation and Determination of Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 15(6), 700-707. https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.15.6.700
- Giuliano, C., Patel, C. R., & Kale-Pradhan, P. B. (2019). A guide to bacterial culture identification and results interpretation. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 44(4), 192.
- Paul, J. (2024). Respiratory Tract Infections. In: Disease Causing Microbes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28567-7_3
- Detelich, J. F., & Kempker, J. A. (2023). Respiratory infections. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 44(3), 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2023.03.007
- Chen, C., You, Y., Du, Y., Zhou, W., Jiang, D., Cao, K., ... & Wang, J. (2024). Global epidemiological trends in the incidence and deaths of acute respiratory infections from 1990 to 2021. Heliyon, 10(16). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35841
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- Panickar, A., Manoharan, A., Anbarasu, A. et al. Respiratory tract infections: an update on the complexity of bacterial diversity, therapeutic interventions and breakthroughs. Arch Microbiol 206, 382 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-04107-z
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- Bassetti, S., Tschudin-Sutter, S., Egli, A., & Osthoff, M. (2022). Optimizing antibiotic therapies to reduce the risk of bacterial resistance. European journal of internal medicine, 99, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.01.029
- Wood, R. C., Luabeya, A. K., Dragovich, R. B., Olson, A. M., Lochner, K. A., Weigel, K. M., ... & Cangelosi, G. A. (2024). Diagnostic accuracy of tongue swab testing on two automated tuberculosis diagnostic platforms, Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Molbio Truenat MTB Ultima. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 62(4), e00019-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00019-24
- Kosilova, I. S., Domotenko, L. V., & Khramov, M. V. (2024). Analysis of antibiotic sensitivity of clinical strains of microorganisms with the Russian Mueller–Hinton broth. Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, 101(6), 820-827. https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-576
- Alhamadani, Y. S. T., & Hassan, R. N. (2024, February). Study of the sensitivity to different antibiotics for bacterial that isolated from vagina used Kirby-Bauer method. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3051, No. 1, p. 020004). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0191732
- Cukic, V., & Hadzic, A. (2016). The most common detected bacteria in sputum of patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) treated in hospital. Medical Archives, 70(5), 354. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2016.70.354-358
References
Ahmed, T., Islam, T., Sultana Soha, R., & Akter, E. (2021). Correlation of the Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Sputum Samples with Age, Sex, Seasonal Variation and Determination of Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 15(6), 700-707. https://doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.15.6.700
Giuliano, C., Patel, C. R., & Kale-Pradhan, P. B. (2019). A guide to bacterial culture identification and results interpretation. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 44(4), 192.
Paul, J. (2024). Respiratory Tract Infections. In: Disease Causing Microbes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28567-7_3
Detelich, J. F., & Kempker, J. A. (2023). Respiratory infections. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 44(3), 509-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2023.03.007
Chen, C., You, Y., Du, Y., Zhou, W., Jiang, D., Cao, K., ... & Wang, J. (2024). Global epidemiological trends in the incidence and deaths of acute respiratory infections from 1990 to 2021. Heliyon, 10(16). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35841
Santella, B., Serretiello, E., De Filippis, A., Folliero, V., Iervolino, D., Dell’Annunziata, F., ... & Franci, G. (2021). Lower respiratory tract pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern: a 5-year study. Antibiotics, 10(7), 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070851
Panickar, A., Manoharan, A., Anbarasu, A. et al. Respiratory tract infections: an update on the complexity of bacterial diversity, therapeutic interventions and breakthroughs. Arch Microbiol 206, 382 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-024-04107-z
Miriti, D.M., Muthini, J.M. & Nyamache, A.K. Study of bacterial respiratory infections and antimicrobial susceptibility profile among antibiotics naive outpatients visiting Meru teaching and referral hospital, Meru County, Kenya in 2018. BMC Microbiol 23, 172 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-02905-x
Bassetti, S., Tschudin-Sutter, S., Egli, A., & Osthoff, M. (2022). Optimizing antibiotic therapies to reduce the risk of bacterial resistance. European journal of internal medicine, 99, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.01.029
Wood, R. C., Luabeya, A. K., Dragovich, R. B., Olson, A. M., Lochner, K. A., Weigel, K. M., ... & Cangelosi, G. A. (2024). Diagnostic accuracy of tongue swab testing on two automated tuberculosis diagnostic platforms, Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Molbio Truenat MTB Ultima. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 62(4), e00019-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00019-24
Kosilova, I. S., Domotenko, L. V., & Khramov, M. V. (2024). Analysis of antibiotic sensitivity of clinical strains of microorganisms with the Russian Mueller–Hinton broth. Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, 101(6), 820-827. https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-576
Alhamadani, Y. S. T., & Hassan, R. N. (2024, February). Study of the sensitivity to different antibiotics for bacterial that isolated from vagina used Kirby-Bauer method. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3051, No. 1, p. 020004). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0191732
Cukic, V., & Hadzic, A. (2016). The most common detected bacteria in sputum of patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) treated in hospital. Medical Archives, 70(5), 354. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2016.70.354-358