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Submitted
September 1, 2026
Accepted
September 15, 2026
Published
September 30, 2026
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Abstract


Antibiotic resistance poses a major challenge among pathogenic bacteria, particularly Gram-negative types. Early detection of this resistance is crucial to prevent its horizontal transfer between different bacterial species.This preliminary study aimed to establish the antibiogram and detect specific genes responsible for co-resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria.The study evaluated four different clinical species of Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter aerogenes.


The susceptibility of these isolates to antibiotics spanning seven antimicrobial categories was determined by measuring inhibition zone diameters using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, the resistance genes parC and ant(2”)-Ia were detected using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The preliminary findings revealed high resistance percentages across all isolates, ranging from 50% to 100% against most tested antibiotics. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index exceeded 0.2 for all isolates, ranging between 0.64 and 0.82, though not reaching 1.0.


Furthermore, all isolates were positive for both aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, highlighting that ant(2”)-Ia is primarily responsible for aminoglycoside resistance in these isolates.


This preliminary study underscores that the MAR index serves as a reliable indicator for the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The molecular identification of resistance genes remains a crucial hallmark for recognizing resistant isolates and implementing effective control measures.


Keywords

Preliminary study Antibiotic resistance Gram-negative bacteria Aminoglycoside resistance Fluoroquinolone resistance

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Copyright (c) 2026 Lubna Abd Muttalib Alshalah, Ghadah Ali Al-Oudah*, Noor Salman, Zainab Adil Ghani Chabuck, Amin Adeeb (Author)

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Lubna Abd Muttalib Alshalah (2026) “A Preliminary Study on Antibiotic Resistance and the Detection of Co-Resistance Genes to Aminoglycosides and Fluoroquinolones in Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates”, Journal of Biomedicine and Biochemistry, 5(3), pp. 45–52. doi:10.57238/jbb.2026.7432.1180.
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Lubna Abd Muttalib Alshalah (2026) “A Preliminary Study on Antibiotic Resistance and the Detection of Co-Resistance Genes to Aminoglycosides and Fluoroquinolones in Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates”, Journal of Biomedicine and Biochemistry, 5(3), pp. 45–52. doi:10.57238/jbb.2026.7432.1180.
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